Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887 - 1964) yog tus tsim ntawm Soviet cov menyuam yaus cov ntawv sau. Nws tsis muaj peev xwm thov rov hais dua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas nyeem nrog qhov kawg tsis muaj tseeb ntawm cov lus dab neeg (txawm hais tias nws cov lus dab neeg hais tau zoo heev), tsis txhob ua qhov tob tob txog kev ncaj ncees "Lub hli tig los ntawm qab cov ceg - lub hli nyiam cov menyuam ntse") thiab tsis hloov mus rau cov menyuam cov lus yooj yim. Nws cov haujlwm rau cov menyuam yaus yog qhov yooj yim, nkag siab, thiab tib lub sijhawm ib txwm coj cov kev kawm tob, txawm tias kev xav hauv nruab siab. Thiab, tib lub sijhawm, cov lus ntawm Marshak, devoid ntawm sab nraud pretentiousness, yog qhov qhia tau zoo heev. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov tsiaj ua pa tau yooj yim hloov kho feem ntau ntawm Samuil Yakovlevich kev ua haujlwm rau menyuam yaus.
Marshak ua lub npe nrov tsis yog rau cov menyuam yaus ua haujlwm. Txij li hauv nws tus cwj mem tuaj cov tswv yim ntawm Lavxias txhais lus tsev kawm ntawv. S. Ya. Marshak tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev txhais lus Askiv. Qee lub sij hawm nws muaj peev xwm mus ntes rhythms thiab kev xav hauv cov paj huam ntawm Shakespeare lossis Kipling uas nyuaj heev kom pom thaum nyeem cov ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm cov classics hauv daim tseem. Ntau yam ntawm Marshak cov ntawv txhais los ntawm lus Askiv yog suav hais tias yog classics. Tus kws sau ntawv kuj txhais Mao Zedong cov paj huam los ntawm cov lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm Soviet Union, thiab txawm los ntawm Suav.
Tus kws sau ntawv muaj kev txawj sib tw zoo heev. Nws tsim ntau yam, raws li lawv xav hais tam sim no, "pib ua haujlwm". Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, Xamuyees pab menyuam ntsuag. Hauv Krasnodar, Marshak tsim cov kev ua yeeb yam rau menyuam yaus, ib hom ntawv uas nyuam qhuav tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia. Hauv Petrograd, nws tau khiav hauv cov menyuam yaus sau phau ntawv lub studio. Marshak tau tsim phau ntawv xov xwm "Sparrow", los ntawm cov neeg koom ua ke, hauv kev hla mus los ntawm "New Robinson" magazine, Leningrad ceg ntawm "Detgiz" tau yug los. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau tswj hwm kev sau ntawv ua haujlwm nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab kuj tau pab ntau tus phooj ywg.
1. Ib tus kws sau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Samuil Marshak, Matvey Geyser, tau sau cov paj huam txij thaum yau uas tag nrho nws cov phooj ywg kawm nyiam. Cov kawm hauv ib chav txawm sau cov ntawv sau los ntawm peb kaum kwv huam los ntawm cov menyuam ntxhais cov nkauj thiab cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm phab ntsa, thiab xa nws mus rau Pionerskaya Pravda. Los ntawm muaj tuaj lub teb nrog xav kom nyeem ntxiv Pushkin, Lermontov, thiab lwm yam. Cov tub kawm ntawv hauv chav kawm npau taws tau xa tib cov lus paj huam rau Marshak. Tus kws sau ntawv kuj rov xa tag nrho cov ntawv sau, tshuaj xyuas qhov kev ua tsis tiav ntawm ib qho ntawm nqe lus. Tom qab qhov kev tawm tsam raug cai no, Glazer nres sau paj huam. Tom qab ntau xyoo nws tau muaj hmoo mus ntsib Samuil Yakovlevich uas yog qhua. Xav txog qhov nws xav tsis thoob thaum Marshak tsis yog tsuas yog nco txog cov paj huam me, tabsis tseem nyeem Matvey ib cov paj huam los ntawm lub siab. Leonid Panteleev hu ua Marshak lub cim xeeb "kev ua khawv koob" - nws tuaj yeem nco ntsoov txawm Velimir Khlebnikov cov kwv huam los ntawm thawj nyeem nrov nrov.
Matvey Geyser nrog nws phau ntawv hais txog Marshak
2. Tus kws sau ntawv leej txiv, Yakov Mironovich yog tus neeg muaj peev xwm, tab sis heev. Tus tswv ntawm xab npum factories thiab roj mills raced caw nws los tswj hwm, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv ib qho chaw ntev. Yakov Marshak xav tsis yog ua haujlwm, tab sis yog tus tswv ua lag luam kom thiaj li paub txog nws lub tswv yim tsim, thiab nws tsis muaj nyiaj yuav lub tsev lag luam lossis chaw cog khoom. Yog li no, tus txiv neej Marshak tsis tshua nyob hauv ib qho chaw rau ntau tshaj ib xyoos, thiab tsev neeg yuav tsum tau tawm mus tas li.
Samuil Marshak cov niam txiv
3. Marshak tus tij laug Ilya muaj kev xav paub txij thaum yau los, uas tom qab ntawd tau tso cai rau nws los ua tus kws sau ntawv uas tsis txawj xav txog. Nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv pseudonym M. Ilyin thiab tau sau cov phau ntawv science nrov rau menyuam yaus. Ua ntej Great Patriotic War, ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv hom ntawv no, thiab lub xeev tau txhawb lawv - Soviet cov neeg xav tau kev paub txog pej xeem. Sij hawm dhau mus, kev ntws los ntawm cov menyuam yaus cov phau ntawv tshawb fawb nrov dua qub, tam sim no cov hom ntawv qub ntawm hom ntawv nyeem M. Perelman tseem nyob hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tiam dhau los, tab sis nws tsis tau tsim cov ntawv nyeem nrov science ib leeg. Thiab tus cwj mem ntawm M. Ilyin belongs rau cov phau ntawv xws li "Ib Txhiab Vim Li Cas" thiab "Cov Dab Neeg Txog Yam".
M. Ilyin
4. Thawj qhov kom txaus siab rau Marshak cov txuj ci yog qhov kev thuam tawm tsam Vladimir Stasov. Nws tsis tsuas yog qhuas tus tub, tab sis kuj tau muab nws tso rau hauv lub chaw nto moo III St. Petersburg chav ua si. Nws nyob hauv chav ua kis las no uas Marshak tau txais kev paub zoo ntawm cov lus, uas tau tso cai rau nws los ua tus txhais lus zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kws txhais lus Lavxias tau txhais los ntawm lus Askiv clumsy thiab tus nplaig-khi. Qhov kev txhawj xeeb hais lus no - kev txhais cov paj huam feem ntau tsis muaj qab hau. Txawm hais tias cov npe ntawm cov cim, nws muaj kev puas tsuaj tiag. "Sherlock Holmes" thiab "Dr. Watson", uas peb lub npe peb tau los ntawm cov neeg txhais lus, yuav tsum yog "Tsev" thiab "Watson", feem. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub npe ntawm tus detective li "Holmes" thiab txawm tias "Holmz". Thiab lub npe “Paul” tau hnav los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv hu ua “Paul” nyob rau xyoo 1990. Cov khawv koob lub zog ntawm daim duab ... Marshak paub lus Askiv tsis yog raws li txheej txheej lus, tab sis raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim, thiab ntau yam keeb kwm kev sib raug zoo.
Vladimir Stasov. Sij hawm dhau los, Marshak tsis dhau los ua tus neeg phem tshaj li tus neeg thuam uas tau muab nws daim pib rau cov ntawv nyeem
5. Stasov qhia txog Marshak nyob rau hauv tsis tuaj yeem rau Leo Tolstoy - nws tau muab cov duab zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas pawg ntseeg thiab ntau ntawm nws cov kwv huam. Tolstoy qhuas cov paj huam zoo, tab sis ntxiv tias nws tsis ntseeg "cov geeks no". Thaum Stasov hais rau Xamuyees txog lub rooj sib tham, tus tub hluas tau chim siab rau Tolstoy.
6. Maxim Gorky yog tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv txoj hmoo ntawm Marshak. Tau ntsib tus tub ntxhais hluas tam sim no Marshak ntawm Stasov's, Gorky tau qhuas tus tub hluas cov lus. Thiab tau kawm paub tias nws muaj lub ntsws tsis muaj zog, Gorky paub meej nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub tau npaj rau Xamuyees pauv mus rau Yalta chav ncaws pob, muab nws qhov chaw nyob hauv nws tsev neeg.
Marshak thiab Maxim Gorky
7. Txog xyoo 1920, Marshak yog, txawm hais tias ib tug hluas, tab sis tus "loj" tus kws sau paj lug thiab kws sau ntawv. Nws tau mus rau Palestine, kawm hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab tau sau paj huam zoo nkauj thiab paj lug txhua qhov chaw. Marshak pib sau rau menyuam yaus thaum ua haujlwm hauv menyuam yaus kev ua yeeb yam hauv Krasnodar - kev ua yeeb yam tsuas yog tsis muaj cov khoom siv txaus ntshai.
8. Qhov kev taug kev mus rau Palestine thiab cov paj huam sau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau muab lub sijhawm tom qab lub sijhawm Soviet mus tshaj tawm Marshak tus Zionist thiab cov neeg tawm tsam tiv thaiv Stalinist. Raws li qee lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, Marshak sau nws cov haujlwm, yog tus saib xyuas cov ntawv xov xwm, ua haujlwm hauv cov tsev tshaj tawm, kawm cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv, thiab thaum hmo ntuj sau cov ntawv sau tawm tsam Stalinist hauv qab nws hauv ncoo. Ntxiv mus, tus Zionist no tau raug muab zais kom thiaj li paub tseeb tias Stalin txawm hla nws lub npe los ntawm cov npe tiav. Dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov sau phau ntawv no - ib nplooj ntawv tom qab kev siv dag zog ntawm Marshak, lawv piav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Cheka - NKVD - MGB - KGB. Yog tias tsis muaj kev paub txog tus qauv no, raws li tau paub, hauv Soviet Union, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem lo ib rab koob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet nrog tsis muaj txim - xws li kev ua tam sim ntawd tshaj tawm kev ua phem thiab rau txim raws li tsab xov xwm 58. Marshak tau txais Stalin cov khoom plig thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
9. Thaum Alexei Tolstoy pom Marshak nws cov duab kos rau kev txhais lus ntawm Carlo Goldoni cov lus dab neeg "Pinocchio", Samuil Yakovlevich tam sim ntawd tau hais tias nws sau nws tus kheej ua haujlwm, siv Goldoni cov phiaj xwm, tsis txhob ua raws li cov lus Italian qub. Tolstoy tau pom zoo raws li qhov kev thov, thiab "Tus Neeg Tshaj Tawm ntawm Buratino" tau yug los. Txhua tus tham hais tias Tolstoy nyiag khoom dab neeg tawm tshiab los ntawm Italian tsis muaj lub hauv paus.
10. Mikhail Zoshchenko, uas tau ntsib kev tsim teebmeem thiab muaj teebmeem kev kub ntxhov txhua hnub, Marshak tawm tswv yim kom sau rau menyuam yaus. Tom qab ntawd, Zoshchenko tau lees tias tom qab ua haujlwm rau menyuam yaus, nws tau zoo dua ntawm kev sau ntawv rau cov neeg laus. Cov npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws sau paj huam uas Samuil Yakovlevich tau pab hauv lawv txoj haujlwm kuj suav nrog Olga Berggolts, Leonid Panteleev thiab Grigory Belykh, Evgeny Charushin, Boris Zhitkov thiab Evgeny Schwartz.
11. Ib zaug Alexander Tvardovsky qiv tsheb los ntawm Marshak - nws tus kheej lub tsheb tawg. Mus txog hauv chav nres tsheb, Tvardovsky pom ib tus neeg tsav tsheb uas nws paub zoo, yuav luag quaj dhau ntawm tuab. Tus kws sau paj lug nug Afanasy - uas yog lub npe ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb, tus txiv neej nruab nrab - qhov teeb meem yog dab tsi. Nws hais tias: lawv tau hla dhau ntawm Kursk chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau, thiab Marshak nco qab tias nws tau nyob ntawd Anna Karenina dhau ua ntej nws tuag. Samuel Yakovlevich tau nug seb Afanasy puas nco qab li cas tiag tiag Karenina pom txhua yam. Tus tsav tsheb muaj qhov tsis txaus siab tau ceeb toom rau Marshak tias nws tsis tau tsav ib qho ntawm Karenins. Tus npau taws Marshak muab nws ntim ntawm Anna Karenina thiab hais tias kom txog thaum Afanasy nyeem cov ntawv tshiab, nws yuav tsis siv nws cov kev pabcuam. Thiab cov neeg tsav tsheb cov nyiaj hli tau them rau ob peb mais, lossis rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev mus ncig, uas yog, zaum hauv chav nres tsheb, Afanasy khwv tau tsawg heev.
12. Marshak cov paj huam tau txais sai heev, tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv muaj lub siab zoo, thiab ntawm ib daim quatrain nws tuaj yeem siv kaum daim ntawv. Tab sis txawm tias qhov kev hloov kho no coj mus rau hauv tus account, qhov ceev ntawm kev sau paj huam zoo heev. Thaum Lub Caij Ua Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, Marshak koom tes nrog Kukryniksy (tus kws kos duab M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov thiab N. Sokolov). Lub tswv yim qub yog tias peb tug kws kos duab sau duab kos duab, thiab Marshak los txog nrog cov ntawv kos npe zoo rau lawv. Tab sis tom qab ob peb hnub, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv: Marshak, tau mloog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Sovinformburo, tswj kev sau paj huam, pom zoo rau hauv cov cai tsim nyog thiab nqa lossis hloov mus rau cov kws ua yeeb yam uas tsis tseem muaj lub tswv yim rau lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Marshak cov kab "Mus rau ib lub dav hlau tua rog makhorka yog tus nqi kim, haus luam yeeb thiab haus luam yeeb tus yeeb ncuab" tau luam tawm rau ntau lab pob ntawm kev haus luam yeeb luam yeeb Rau lawv txoj haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm tsov rog xyoo, ob qho tib si Kukryniksy thiab Marshak tau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev npe ntawm Hitler tus kheej cov yeeb ncuab.
Fuhrer tus kheej cov yeeb ncuab
13. Marshak muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Korney Chukovsky. Txog rau lub sijhawm, nws tsis tuaj qhib kev sib cav sib ceg, tabsis cov kws sau ntawv tsis nco lub sijhawm kom tso lub luag haujlwm ntawm lawv cov npoj yaig. Piv txwv, Marshak, nyiam thuam ntawm qhov tseeb tias Chukovsky, tau kawm lus Askiv los ntawm phau ntawv qhia tus kheej nrog ntu "Kev Hais Lus" nraus, tsis txaj muag cov lus Askiv. Ib qho kev sib txawv loj, rau ib xyoo kaum thiab ib nrab, tuaj thaum nyob hauv Detgiz xyoo 1943 lawv tsis kam luam tawm Chukovsky phau ntawv "Peb Yuav Tawm Tsam Barmaley". Marshak, uas tau pab Chukovsky yav dhau los tshaj tawm, lub sijhawm no tus tswvcuab cem cov haujlwm. Chukovsky tau lees tias nws cov paj huam tsis muaj zog, tab sis nws tau ua txhaum thiab hu ua Marshak yog tus neeg paub tab thiab neeg siab phem.
14. Tus kws sau ntawv ua ntau yam hauj lwm rau me nyuam yaus tau coj tus cwj pwm zoo. Nws tsis nyiam mus pw raws sijhawm, thiab nws ntxub kev cuam tshuam cov chav kawm rau noj su raws sijhawm. Ntau xyoo dhau los, kev noj haus raws sij hawm tau tsim nyog - cov kab mob ua rau lawv tus kheej xav. Marshak ntiav cov neeg tu vaj tse nrog tus xeeb ceem zoo heev. Rosalia Ivanovna, thaum lub sijhawm teem tseg, dov lub rooj rau hauv chav, tsis them rau qhov uas Samuel Yakovlevich tabtom ua lossis hais lus. Nws hu nws "Empress" lossis "Administration".
15. Samuil Marshak, thaum tseem nyob hauv Palestine, tau sib yuav Sophia Milvidskaya. Cov txij nkawm tau sib txuam ua ke ib leeg zoo, thiab kev sib yuav tuaj yeem hu ua kev zoo siab yog tias tsis yog rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov menyuam. Nathaniel thawj tus ntxhais, tsuas yog ib xyoos, tuag ntawm kub hnyiab tom qab khob qhov cub uas muaj ib lub samovar npau. Lwm tus tub, Yakov, tuag rau mob ntsws thaum xyoo 1946. Tomqab ntawd, Marshak tus pojniam tau mob hnyav thiab tuag thaum xyoo 1053. Ntawm peb leeg menyuam ntawd, tsuas muaj ib tug tub, Immanuel, uas dhau los ua ib tug kws tawm dag zog, kev ua neej nyob.
16. Txij li xyoo 1959 txog 1961, yawg Marshak tus tuav ntaub ntawv yog tus paub xov xwm Lavxias Vladimir Pozner uas nyuam qhuav kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Pozner txoj kev sib koom tes nrog Marshak xaus rau qhov kev txaj muag - Posner sim plam nws cov ntawv txhais los ntawm lus Askiv mus rau hauv chav lis haujlwm ntawm Novy Mir magazine, sib xyaw lawv nrog Marshak cov ntawv txhais. Tus kws sau ntawv tam sim ntawv ncaws tawm ntawm cov hluas cunning. Ntau xyoo tom qab, Posner nthuav tawm qhov tsis txaus siab qhov xwm txheej raws li kev sim ua si prank ntawm pawg thawj coj xov xwm kho mob.
17. Hauv cov zauv, cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm Samuil Marshak zoo li qhov no: 3,000 ntawm nws tus kheej kev ua haujlwm, 1,500 kev txhais lus, kev tshaj tawm hauv 75 hom lus txawv teb chaws. Hauv Lavxias, qhov kev luam tawm ntau tshaj plaws ntawm Marshak phau ntawv yog 1.35 lab daim ntawv luam, thaum tag nrho cov luam tawm ntawm tus sau cov haujlwm tau kwv yees txog 135 lab daim ntawv luam.
18. Samuil Marshak tau txais txiaj ntsig ob xaj los ntawm Lenin, Tus Txheej Txheem Liab Liab ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Patriotic War, qib 1. Nws yog tus qhuas ntawm 4 Stalin thiab Lenin khoom plig. Hauv txhua lub nroog loj uas tus kws sau ntawv nyob, sau cov kab cim nco qab, thiab hauv Voronezh muaj ib lub mlom rau S. Marshak. Lwm lub monument yog npaj los nruab rau Lyalina Square hauv Moscow. Lub ntsiab lus qhia "Kuv Marshak" khiav raws Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya txoj kab ntawm Moscow metro.
19. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Samuel Marshak, Sergei Mikhalkov, uas tau txiav txim siab cov rooj sib tham nrog nws txiav txim siab rau nws txoj haujlwm, sau ntawv tias tus thawj coj choj ntawm lub nkoj ntawm Soviet cov menyuam cov ntawv sau tsis muaj dab tsi. Thaum nws lub neej, Mikhalkov hu ua Samuil Yakovlevich "Marshak ntawm Soviet Union".
20. Txheeb cov khoom thiab cov ntawv sab laug ntawm nws txiv, Immanuel Marshak nrhiav pom ntau cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub koob yees duab ua si amateur. Saib dhau ntawm lawv, nws tau xav tsis thoob: txhua qhov chaw uas nws txiv tau nyob hauv qhov chaw pej xeem, nws tau nyob nrog cov menyuam yaus tam sim ntawd. Tag nrho txoj cai, hauv Soviet Union - Samuil Yakovlevich lub koob meej tau thoob tebchaws. Tab sis tib daim duab - ntawm no Marshak taug kev ib leeg, tab sis nws yog twb muaj menyuam yaus - tau mus ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv London, thiab hauv Oxford, thiab hauv Scotland ze rau ntawm villa ntawm Robert Burns.
